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部分水解瓜尔豆胶(PHGG)的生理功能及作用机制研究

Research on the Physiological Functions and Mechanisms of Partially Hydrolyzed Guar Gum (PHGG)

发布时间:2026-01-20
作者: 潘宗英 :成都中医药大学医学与生命科学学院 四川成都; 何朗 :成都市第五人民医院肿瘤科 & 成都市肿瘤防治所 四川成都;
摘要: 部分水解瓜尔豆胶(PHGG)作为一种通过控制瓜尔豆胶酶解获得的水溶性膳食纤维,近年来在营养与健康领域受到广泛关注。本文系统综述了PHGG在肠道健康调节、代谢疾病改善、免疫功能增强及其他生理过程中的作用及其分子机制。研究表明,PHGG可通过调节肠道菌群结构、促进短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)生成、增强肠道屏障功能等途径,发挥改善便秘与腹泻、抑制肥胖及肌肉减少症、缓解肝损伤、增强免疫防御、改善神经精神状态等多种生理功能。其作用具有多靶点、多系统协同的特点,在功能性食品与临床营养干预中具有广阔应用前景,但部分机制及长期效应仍需深入研究。
Abstract: Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), as a water-soluble dietary fiber obtained by controlling guar gum enzymatic hydrolysis, has received widespread attention in the fields of nutrition and health in recent years. This article systematically reviews the role and molecular mechanisms of PHGG in regulating intestinal health, improving metabolic diseases, enhancing immune function, and other physiological processes. Research has shown that PHGG can improve constipation and diarrhea, inhibit obesity and muscle loss, alleviate liver damage, enhance immune defense, and improve neurological and psychiatric status by regulating gut microbiota structure, promoting the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and enhancing gut barrier function. Its function has the characteristics of multi-target and multi system synergy, and has broad application prospects in functional foods and clinical nutrition interventions. However, some mechanisms and long-term effects still need to be further studied.
关键词: 部分水解瓜尔豆胶;肠道菌群;短链脂肪酸;临床应用;代谢疾病;免疫调节
Keywords: partially hydrolyzed guar gum; gut microbiota; short chain fatty acids; clinical application; metabolic disorders; immunomodulation

引言

瓜尔豆胶是一种来源于瓜尔豆种子的高粘性半乳甘露聚糖,经可控酶解后得到的部分水解产物(PHGG),因具有水溶性好、粘度低、耐受性高等特点,被广泛应用于食品工业与营养干预领域。与未水解的瓜尔豆胶相比,PHGG的分子量降低,水溶性增强,更容易被肠道微生物发酵利用,从而展现出独特的生理活性。近年来,大量体内外研究证实,PHGG在肠道健康维持、代谢紊乱改善、免疫调节等方面发挥重要作用,其作用机制与肠道菌群调控及代谢产物短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的生成密切相关。本文旨在整合近五年相关研究成果,系统阐述PHGG的生理功能及作用机制,为其在功能性食品开发与临床营养干预中的应用提供理论依据。

1 PHGG 对肠道健康的调节作用

1.1 粪便特性与排便功能的改善

PHGG对肠道排便功能的调节具有双向性,既能改善腹泻倾向人群的粪便形态,也能缓解便秘症状。在一项针对44名具有腹泻倾向的健康志愿者的随机双盲对照试验中,连续3个月摄入PHGG可显著改善粪便形态(布里斯托尔粪便量表(BSS)评分向4分趋近),且对排便频率无显著影响,其机制与肠道菌群中双歧杆菌比例增加相关。对于便秘人群,PHGG通过降低结肠水通道蛋白-3(AQP3)的表达,抑制水分从肠腔向血管侧的转运,增加粪便含水量,从而软化粪便。同时,其发酵产物短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)可刺激肠道蠕动,调节肠道菌群(如增加拟杆菌、减少链球菌),进一步缓解便秘。在长期护理机构居民中,每日补充PHGG可显著减少泻药使用。

1.2 肠道屏障功能的保护

肠道屏障完整性是维持肠道健康的关键。研究发现,PHGG可通过多种途径增强肠道屏障功能:一方面,PHGG发酵产生的琥珀酸盐可通过AKT磷酸化途径诱导结肠粘液细胞表达粘蛋白2(MUC2),增加结肠粘液层厚度;另一方面,PHGG可上调肠上皮细胞中热休克蛋白27(HSP27)和HSP70的表达,通过mTOR和ERK信号通路促进肠上皮完整性。在老年人粪便体外发酵模型中,PHGG衍生的上清液可通过增加SCFAs(尤其是丁酸)减少紧密连接蛋白claudin-2的表达,从而保护炎症诱导的肠道屏障损伤。

2 PHGG 在代谢疾病中的干预作用

2.1 肥胖与代谢综合征

PHGG在肥胖及相关代谢紊乱的干预中表现出显著潜力。在Db/Db小鼠模型中,PHGG可增加握力和骨骼肌重量,改善葡萄糖耐受不良,降低肝酶水平及肝内脂肪堆积,其机制与粪便和血清中SCFAs浓度升高、小肠炎症反应减弱相关。对于高脂饮食喂养的小鼠,PHGG可降低厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值,减少体重增加和脂肪堆积,且与自愿运动联合使用时效果更显著。同时,PHGG通过调节短链脂肪酸影响脂联素、胰岛素的分泌,进而改善高脂高糖饮食引起的小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱。此外,PHGG与菊粉、低聚果糖等组成的膳食纤维混合物可使超重/肥胖患者体重和BMI显著降低,提示其在体重管理中的应用价值。

2.2 肝脏疾病

PHGG对多种肝脏疾病具有保护作用。在非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)小鼠模型中,PHGG通过调节肠道菌群(增加拟杆菌和梭状芽胞杆菌亚簇XIVa丰度)及SCFAs谱,减少脂多糖(LPS)信号传导,从而抑制肝脏炎症和纤维化。对于急性酒精性肝损伤,PHGG可通过增强抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性,降低脂质过氧化产物丙二醛水平,同时抑制TLR4介导的炎症反应和线粒体依赖性细胞凋亡。此外,PHGG可缓解肠衰竭相关肝病模型中小鼠的肝脂肪变性,与副细菌属丰度增加相关。

3 PHGG的免疫调节与抗感染作用

3.1 炎症反应的抑制

研究表明,PHGG通过肠道菌群-免疫轴实发挥抗炎作用,PHGG可增加肠道中抗炎细胞比例,降低促炎细胞因子(TNF-α、IL-6)水平。在LPS诱导的急性炎症模型中,PHGG通过促进肠道微生物群产生SCFAs,显著抑制血浆TNF-α的产生,且该效应可被抗生素处理消除,证实其依赖肠道菌群的特性。此外,PHGG可上调结肠中细胞因子信号抑制因子1(SOCS1)的表达,通过负反馈调节抑制炎症信号通路。

3.2 感染防御能力的增强

PHGG在抗感染领域的研究显示出良好前景。在H1N1流感病毒感染小鼠模型中,PHGG可减轻体重下降,改善肠道萎缩,通过增加SCFAs促进脾脏自然杀伤细胞活性和调节性T细胞分化,从而抑制肺部炎症。回顾性研究显示,服用PHGG的患者流感发病率显著低于对照组,且粪便pH值和BSS评分更优,提示其通过改善肠道微环境增强抗感染能力。在创伤患者中,含有PHGG的肠内营养可以改善多发伤患者的肠内营养耐受性,降低创伤后脓毒症的发生率,特别是肺部感染的发生,同时改善肠道微生态,在多发伤患者中具有一定的应用价值。此外,PHGG可减少健康成人感冒样症状的发生率和严重程度,与粪便中丙酸、丁酸等SCFAs水平升高相关。

4 PHGG在神经精神与特殊人群中的应用

4.1 神经精神健康的改善

PHGG通过“肠-脑轴”对神经精神状态产生积极影响。在慢性不可预测轻度应激(CUMS)诱导的抑郁模型小鼠中,PHGG可抑制体重减轻和抑郁样行为,其机制与肠道菌群调节(如双歧杆菌增加)、SCFAs水平升高及血清、纹状体和海马中5-羟色胺(5-HT)、多巴胺水平上调相关。PHGG改善了APP/PS1AD小鼠的衰老特征和记忆损伤,有望作为功能性食品的配料,发挥抗AD的功能活性。此外,PHGG可改善健康受试者的睡眠质量和动机评分,提示其在精神生活质量调节中的潜力。

4.2 特殊人群的应用价值

在自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童中,补充PHGG可显著增加排便频率,改善肠道菌群失调,同时降低血清炎症因子(IL-1β、TNF-α)水平,减轻行为易怒症状。对于管饲幼儿,含PHGG的半元素肠内配方耐受性良好,可改善粪便稠度并减少便秘发生率。在血液透析患者中,PHGG可通过增加双歧杆菌、拟杆菌等产SCFAs菌的丰度,改善便秘症状和粪便形态。

5作用机制总结与展望

5.1 核心作用机制

综合现有研究,PHGG的生理功能主要通过以下途径实现:

肠道菌群调节:PHGG作为益生元,可选择性促进双歧杆菌、粪杆菌、拟杆菌等有益菌增殖,抑制志贺氏菌、克雷伯菌等有害菌,从而优化肠道菌群结构。

SCFAs的介导作用:PHGG经肠道菌群发酵产生的SCFAs(乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、琥珀酸盐等)是其多种生理功能的关键介质,参与调节肠道屏障、能量代谢、免疫反应及神经递质合成。

信号通路调控:PHGG及其代谢产物可通过mTOR、ERK、HSP、SOCS1等信号通路影响细胞增殖、炎症反应、氧化应激等生理过程。

5.2研究局限与未来方向

尽管现有研究证实了PHGG的广泛生理活性,但仍存在局限性:多数动物实验和小规模临床研究,缺乏大样本、长期随访的人群数据;不同分子量PHGG的作用差异及剂量效应关系尚不明确;对特殊人群(如孕妇、免疫缺陷者)的安全性需进一步验证。未来研究应关注PHGG与其他膳食纤维或益生菌的协同效应、特定肠道菌群组成对PHGG响应的影响及个性化干预策略。

6结论

部分水解瓜尔豆胶作为一种安全有效的水溶性膳食纤维,通过调节肠道菌群、促进SCFAs生成及调控多条信号通路,在肠道健康维持、代谢疾病改善、免疫增强及神经精神健康调节等方面发挥重要作用。其多样化的生理功能为功能性食品开发和临床营养干预提供了广阔思路,随着作用机制研究的深入和临床证据的积累,PHGG有望在预防和辅助治疗多种慢性疾病中展现更大的应用价值。

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